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The New Economic Policy (NEP) ((ロシア語:Новая экономическая политика, НЭП), ''Novaya Ekonomicheskaya Politika'') was an economic policy of Soviet Russia proposed by Vladimir Lenin, who called it "state capitalism".〔Lenin, V.I. ''Left-Wing Childishness'', April/May 1918〕 The NEP represented a more capitalism-oriented economic policy, deemed necessary after the Russian Civil War of 1917 to 1922, to foster the economy of the country, which was almost ruined. The complete nationalization of industry, established during the period of War Communism, was partially revoked and a system of mixed economy was introduced, which allowed private individuals to own small enterprises,〔 〕 while the state continued to control banks, foreign trade, and large industries.〔 〕 In addition, the NEP abolished ''prodrazvyorstka'' (forced grain requisition)〔 and introduced ''prodnalog'': a tax on farmers, payable in the form of raw agricultural product.〔 〕 The Bolshevik government adopted the NEP in the course of the 10th Congress of the All-Russian Communist Party (March 1921) and promulgated it by a decree on 21 March 1921 "On the Replacement of ''Prodrazvyorstka'' by ''Prodnalog''". Further decrees refined the policy. Other policies included the monetary reform (1922–1924) and the attraction of foreign capital. The NEP policy created a new category of people called NEPmen (нэпманы), ''nouveau riches'' due to NEP. Joseph Stalin abolished the New Economic Policy in 1928. ==Beginnings== On November 8, 1917, the Bolsheviks took control of Saint Petersburg (then named Petrograd), and ousted the provisional government from the Winter Palace. The Bolsheviks declared state power under the Congress of Soviets, but that did not complete the seizure. A brutal Civil War ensued, pitting the Bolshevik Red Army against the White Army. After the former won, economic hardships were faced by Russian citizens. The dramatic decrease in Bolshevik support inspired Lenin to retract his policy of War Communism and shaped how he crafted his New Economic Policy. The Civil War exacted a devastating toll on Russian cities. The war destroyed lines of communication, modes of transportation (especially railroads), and disrupted basic public services. Infectious diseases thrived, especially typhus. Shipments of food and fuel by railroad and water dramatically decreased. Residents first experienced a shortage of heating oil, then coal, until they had to resort to wood. Although the armies fought the Civil War battles mostly outside of urban areas, urban populations dramatically decreased.〔Koenker, Diane P., William G. Rosenberg, and Ronald Grigor Suny, ed. Party, State, and Society in the Russian Civil War (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), 58–80.〕 Populations in northern towns (excluding capital cities) declined an average of 24 percent.〔Koenker, Diane P., William Rosenberg, and Ronald Suny, ed. Civil War, 61.〕 The breakdown of transportation deprived northern towns of relatively more food than southern towns because more agricultural production took place in the south. Petrograd itself lost 850,000 people and accounted for half of urban population decline during the Civil War.〔 Workers migrated south to take hold of peasants' surpluses. Recent migrants to cities left because they still had ties to villages.〔Koenker, Diane P., William Rosenberg, and Ronald Suny, ed. Civil War, 58–80〕 Poor city conditions drove out residents. Since the Bolshevik base of support came from urban workers, the exodus posed a serious problem. Hunger drove factory workers out of the cities and towards the rural cottage industry. At the end of the Civil War, Bolsheviks controlled cities, but eighty percent of the Russian population was peasants.〔Siegelbaum, Lewis H. Soviet State and Society: Between Revolutions, 1918–1929.(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 68〕 Factory production severely slowed or halted. Factories lacked 30,000 workers in 1919. Residents needed to adopt self-sufficient behaviors in order to survive. Residents searched for valuable personal belongings, started creating artisan crafts, and began gardening to trade for and grow food. The acute need for food encouraged residents to obtain 50–60 percent of food through illegal trading (see ''meshochnik''). The shortage of cash caused the black market to use a barter system, which was inefficient.〔Koenker, Diane P., William Rosenberg, and Ronald Suny, ed. Civil War, 58–119.〕 Despite these efforts, a drought, frost, then famine in 1921–1922 caused millions to starve to death, especially in the Volga region, and urban support for the Bolshevik party eroded. When no bread arrived in Moscow in 1921, workers became hungry and disillusioned. They organised demonstrations against the party's policies of privileged rations, in which the Red Army, members of the party, and students received rations first. In March 1921, Kronstadt soldiers and sailors staged a major rebellion. Anarchism and populism, brewing since the tsarist bureaucracy of the 17th and 18th centuries, fuelled the rebellion.〔 In 1921, Lenin replaced the food requisitioning policy with a tax, signaling the inauguration of the New Economic Policy.〔Siegelbaum, Soviet State and Society, 85.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「New Economic Policy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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